EPI is overwhelmingly a German Shepherd disease, but it is not a simple recessive and there is no single DNA test. Here is why, and what breeders can actually screen for.
Read moreA recessive LHX3 mutation gives German Shepherds an underdeveloped pituitary, stunted growth, and a retained puppy coat. Here is the genetics and how to breed around it safely.
Read moreA genetics-based review of elbow dysplasia in German Shepherds and Berger Blanc Suisse, covering the three developmental conditions, polygenic inheritance, and why white coat color has no bearing on elbow health.
Read moreA complete guide to degenerative myelopathy in German Shepherds and Berger Blanc Suisse, covering the SOD1 gene mutation, inheritance pattern, testing recommendations, and why this condition is entirely independent of white coat color.
Read moreA scientific review of the polygenic inheritance of canine hip dysplasia in German Shepherds, the role of environment and developmental factors, and why the condition affects white and pigmented shepherds equally.
Read moreA population genetics analysis of how the recessive e allele distributes through German Shepherd and Berger Blanc Suisse populations, including carrier frequency estimates, founder effects, and what the numbers mean for breeders.
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